DearRun

Biofeedback

2005-03-17T21:47:00.000-08:00

Information supplied instantaneously about an individual's own physiological processes. Data concerning a person's cardiovascular activity (blood pressure and heart rate), temperature, brain waves, or muscle tension is monitored electronically and returned, or “fed back,” to that person by a gauge on a meter, a light, or a sound. Though such activity of the autonomic

Andover

2005-03-14T18:24:00.000-08:00

Andover's earliest-known

Ma'mun, Al-

2005-03-12T00:19:00.000-08:00

In full Abu Al-'abbas 'abd Allah Al-ma'mun Ibn Ar-rashid seventh 'Abbasid caliph (813–833), known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in Islam and to impose upon his subjects a rationalist Muslim creed.

Burano

2005-03-10T00:01:00.000-08:00

Northeastern suburb of Venice, Venezia province, northeastern Italy, comprising four islets in the Laguna Veneta (Venice Lagoon). The settlement is thought to have been founded in the 5th century by refugees from nearby Altino, fleeing in the path of Attila. The 16th-century church of S. Martino has paintings by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. In the 16th century, lacemaking was

Zizka, Jan, Count

2005-03-08T00:28:00.000-08:00

Zizka grew up at the court of the German king Wenceslas (King Wenceslas

Kaden-bandrowski, Juliusz

2005-03-07T22:08:00.000-08:00

After working as a foreign correspondent and studying music in Brussels, Kaden-Bandrowski joined the military in 1914 in order to serve under Józef Pilsudski, the

Kaden-bandrowski, Juliusz

2005-03-04T13:59:00.000-08:00

Interleukins are a subset of a larger group of cellular messenger molecules called cytokines, which are modulators

China, Effects of the rebellions

2005-03-02T19:30:00.000-08:00

To meet the large popular uprisings, the Ch'ing authorities had to rely on local armies, which were financed by the provincial and local gentry class. To meet this need, a special tax on goods in transit (called the likin) was started in 1853, the proceeds of which remained largely outside the control of the central government. The provincial governors-general and governors

France, History Of, The causes of the French Revolution

2005-02-28T11:37:00.000-08:00

In an immediate sense, what brought down the ancien régime was its own inability to change or, more simply, to pay its way. The deeper causes for its collapse are more difficult to establish. One school of interpretation maintains that French society under the ancien régime was rent by class war. This position implies that the French Revolution revolved around issues

Tudor Style

2005-02-26T21:51:00.000-08:00

Type of British architecture, mainly domestic, that grafted Renaissance decorative elements onto the Perpendicular Gothic style between 1485 and 1558. The Tudor style in architecture coincides with the first part of the reign of the Tudor monarchs, which commenced in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII to the throne and ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Elizabeth's own

Mauguin, Charles

2005-02-24T23:08:00.000-08:00

Mauguin was educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and in 1919 he joined the Faculty of Sciences

Wagner, Richard

2005-02-22T23:56:00.000-08:00

In 1869 Wagner had resumed work on The Ring which he now brought to its world-renouncing conclusion. It had been agreed with the King that the tetralogy should be first performed in its entirety at Munich, but Wagner broke the agreement, convinced that a new type of theatre must be built for the purpose. Having discovered a suitable site at the Bavarian town of Bayreuth, he

Ijssel River

2005-02-20T18:15:00.000-08:00

River of The Netherlands, an important distributary of the Rhine River. It leaves the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) just southeast of Arnhem and flows northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) to enter the IJsselmeer (a lake formed from the old Zuiderzee) between the Northeast (Noordoost) and East Flevoland polders. The river is navigable and slow-moving and deposits much silt. Zutphen,

Ear Disease, Ménière's disease

2005-02-18T17:31:00.000-08:00

Ménière's disease, also called endolymphatic hydrops, is a fairly common disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear that affects both the vestibular nerve, with resultant attacks of vertigo, and the auditory nerve, with impairment of hearing. It was first described in 1861 by a French physician, Prosper Ménière. It is now known that the symptoms are caused by an excess of

Defense Economics

2005-02-16T16:44:00.000-08:00

Field of national economic management concerned with the economic effects of military expenditure, the management of economics in wartime, and the management of peacetime military budgets.

Racine, Jean

2005-02-14T23:21:00.000-08:00

Racine has been hailed by posterity as the foremost practitioner of tragedy in French history and the uncontested master of French classicism. He became the virtuoso of the poetic metre used in 17th-century French tragedy, the alexandrine line, and paid unwavering attention to the properly theatrical aspects of his plays, from actors' diction and gestures to space

Sa'adia Ben Joseph

2005-02-12T10:20:00.000-08:00

Nechemiah Aloni, Ha-Egron (1969), an edition (in Hebrew) with extensive annotations; Israel Davidson (ed.), Saadiah's Polemic Against Hiwi al-Balkhi (1915), and The Book of the Wars of the Lord (1934), polemics against Sa'adia by Solomon ben Yeruhim (Hebrew edition with English translation)—the introductions to both editions require revision in light of later Genizah fragments; Joseph Derenbourg, Oeuvres complètes de R. Saadia Ben Iosef al-Fayyoûmî, vol. 3, Version arabe d'Isaïe (1896), and vol. 6, Version arabe des Proverbes (1894), Sa'adia's Arabic version of Isaiah and his version of the Proverbs—the Isaiah translation is accompanied by fragments of Sa'adia's lost commentary; Z. Diesendruck, “Saadya's Formulation of the Argument for Creation,” in Jewish Studies in Memory of George A. Kohut, 1874–1933 (1953), a profound article; Jakob Guttmann, Die Religionsphilosophie des Saadia (1882), traces the Greek and Arabic sources of Sa'adia's philosophy (the Arabic sources are not fully exhausted); Henry Malter, Saadia Gaon: His Life and Works (1921, reprinted 1969), the most comprehensive study on Sa'adia, although many aspects need to be revised in light of later studies; Harry A. Wolfson, “Saadia on the Trinity and Incarnation,” Studies and Essays in Honor of Abraham A. Neuman (1962), a very exhaustive study; Sa'adia anniversary volume, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research (1943); Erwin I.J. Rosenthal (ed.), Saadya Studies (1943); Moses Zucker, Rav Saadya Gaon's Translation of the Torah (in Hebrew, with English summary; 1959), and A Critique Against the Writings of R. Saadya Gaon by R. Mubashshir (1955), an edition important for restoration of Sa'adianic material as well as for the study of the relationship of some of Sa'adia's contemporaries to his literary work.

Mormon

2005-02-11T09:10:00.000-08:00

In western New York state in 1827, during a time of intense religious revivalism, Joseph Smith, Jr., a farmer's son, claimed an angel called Moroni gave him golden plates whose engraved records Smith translated into English as the Book of Mormon—so called after Mormon, an ancient American prophet who had made an abridgment of many previous plates. Smith published the Book

France, History Of, The Jacobin dictatorship

2005-02-09T18:48:00.000-08:00

The Convention consolidated its revolutionary government in the Law of 14 Frimaire Year II (Dec. 4, 1793; for a discussion of the Revolutionary calendar, see below). To organize the Revolution, to promote confidence and compliance, efficiency and control, this law centralized authority in a parliamentary dictatorship, with the Committee of Public Safety at the helm. The committee

Nahmanides

2005-02-07T19:44:00.000-08:00

Nahmanides earned his livelihood as a physician and served successively as rabbi at Gerona and then as chief rabbi of Catalonia. He also attempted to mediate disputes between the followers and opponents of the philosopher

Polevskoy

2005-02-05T10:54:00.000-08:00

City, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), western Russia, located near the Chusovaya River in the mid-Urals. Founded in 1724 in connection with copper mining, it was called Polevskoy Zavod until 1928; it became a city in 1942. Copper is still mined and refined there; ferrous metallurgy, hoisting and transport equipment production, and a chemical industry based on Siberian fluorspar are

John Of The Cross, Saint

2005-02-03T22:47:00.000-08:00

John became a Carmelite monk at Medina del Campo, Spain, in 1563 and was ordained priest in 1567. St. Teresa of Ávila, the celebrated mystic,

Augustus Ii

2005-02-01T04:21:00.000-08:00

The second son of Elector John George III of Saxony, Augustus succeeded his elder brother John George IV as elector in 1694. After

Pollaiuolo, Antonio Del And Piero Del

2005-01-30T00:04:00.000-08:00

The brothers

Production System

2005-01-27T18:55:00.000-08:00

Any of the methods used in industry to create goods and services from various resources.

Sacasa, Juan Bautista

2005-01-25T07:22:00.000-08:00

Sacasa studied in the United States from 1889 to 1901, earning an M.D. from Columbia University. In 1924 he was elected vice president of Nicaragua as leader of the Liberal Party in a coalition government. The following year a coup d'état installed General Emiliano Chamorro

Fabricius, Johannes

2005-01-24T22:22:00.000-08:00

Dutch astronomer who may have been the first observer of sunspots (1610/1611) and was the first to publish information on such observations. He did so in his Narratio de maculis in sole observatis et apparente earum cum sole conversione (1611; “Account of Spots Observed on the Sun and of Their Apparent Rotation with the Sun”). The son of the astronomer David Fabricius,

Arriaga, Juan Crisóstomo

2005-01-20T10:25:00.000-08:00

In full Juan Crisóstomo Jacobo Antonio Arriaga y Balzola Spanish violinist and composer of extraordinary precocity whose potential was cut short by his early death. Stylistically, his music stands between the Classical tradition of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the Romanticism of Gioacchino Rossini and Franz Schubert; it shows abundant invention, freshness,

Indian Ocean, Trenches

2005-01-18T11:55:00.000-08:00

The Indian Ocean has the fewest trenches of any of the world's oceans. The narrow (50 miles), volcanic, and seismically active Java Trench is the world's second longest, stretching more than 1,600 miles from southwest of Java and continuing northward as the Sunda Trench past Sumatra, with an extension along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Francia

2005-01-13T10:40:00.000-08:00

Original name Francesco Di Marco Di Giacomo Raibolini Italian Renaissance artist and the major Bolognese painter of the late 15th century. He was much influenced by such Ferrarese painters as Lorenzo Costa, Francesco del Cossa, and Ercole de' Roberti, but his later works clearly show the influence of the Umbrians, Perugino, and Raphael. Francia's mature style is seen in such works as his “Assumption

Rio Branco Law

2005-01-12T11:23:00.000-08:00

Also called Law of Free Birth , Portuguese Lei do Ventre Livre measure enacted by the Brazilian parliament in 1871 that freed children born of slave parents. The law was passed under the leadership of José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Viscount do Rio Branco, premier during 1871–73, and Joaquim Nabuco de Araujo, a leading abolitionist. Although the children were set free, the measure allowed the parents' owners to require such children to work

Spondylolisthesis

2005-01-09T13:26:00.000-08:00

Forward slipping of the body of one of the lumbar (lower back) vertebrae on the subjacent vertebra or on the sacrum, the triangular bone at the base of the spinal column. The condition is often associated with incompleteness of the vertebral arch, which surrounds the spinal cord. Pressure transmitted to the arch from above encourages slippage. Deformity (lordosis)

La Rioja

2005-01-07T11:47:00.000-08:00

Provincia, northwestern Argentina, extending southeastward from Chile. The provincia's southeastern half is an arid to semiarid plain, while the northwestern section is crossed north to south by alternating mountain ranges and semiarid valleys associated with the Andean cordillera. Saline marshes and lakes of the southeast are formed by intermittent streams

Athelstan

2005-01-06T15:56:00.000-08:00

On the death of his father, Edward the Elder, in 924, Athelstan was elected king of Wessex and Mercia, where he had been brought up by his aunt, Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians. Crowned king of the whole country at Kingston on Sept. 4, 925, he proceeded to establish boundaries and rule firmly. His dominion

Sea Pen

2005-01-03T20:49:00.000-08:00

The central stalk of the animal consists of a lower part, the peduncle, which anchors the colony in mud or sand, and

Performing Arts, Nontheatrical Films.

2005-01-01T10:55:00.000-08:00

Austrian filmmaker Kurt Mundl (Power of the Earth Productions) in 1998 created an amazing film about butterflies and moths, The Messengers of the Gods--Butterflies. The 49-minute gem was made from 18,000 minutes of film patiently photographed using special lenses. New findings about behaviour were brought to life. It won many awards, including Best of Festival at Chicago's U.S. International

Sa'adia Ben Joseph

2004-12-31T06:12:00.000-08:00

Sa'adia's opus magnum was on exegesis. He prepared

Hale, Horatio (emmons)

2004-12-29T16:09:00.000-08:00

While a student at Harvard University (1833–37), Hale studied the language of some

Tyndall, John

2004-12-27T13:43:00.000-08:00

Tyndall was born into a poor Protestant Irish family. After a thorough basic education he worked as a surveyor in Ireland and England (1839–47). When his ambitions turned from engineering to science, Tyndall

Prix Renaudot

2004-12-25T04:22:00.000-08:00

French literary prize awarded to the author of an outstanding original novel published during the previous year. Named for Théophraste Renaudot (1586?–1653), who founded La Gazette (later La Gazette de France), an influential weekly newspaper, the prize was established in 1925 and first awarded in 1926. Like the Prix Goncourt, with which it competes, the Prix Renaudot is awarded annually

Murdock, George P(eter)

2004-12-22T09:05:00.000-08:00

American anthropologist who specialized in comparative ethnology, the ethnography of African and Oceanic peoples, and social theory. He is perhaps most notable as the originator, in 1937, of the Cross-Cultural Survey, a project of the Institute of Human Relations of Yale University, in which a vast amount of anthropological data was

Endoderm

2004-12-21T14:20:00.000-08:00

The innermost of the three germ layers, or masses of cells (lying within ectoderm and mesoderm), which appears early in the development of an animal embryo. The endoderm subsequently gives rise to the epithelium (tissue that covers, or lines, a structure) of the pharynx, including the eustachian tube, the tonsils, the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and thymus gland;

iauliai

2004-12-18T14:05:00.000-08:00

City, north-central Lithuania. The city, dating from at least the 13th century, may be identical with the “Saule” where a major military confrontation took place in 1236 between the Lithuanians and the Brothers of the Sword, an order of Christian knights bent on imposing Christianity on the Baltic states. The order was decisively defeated, and the survivors were forced to merge

France, History Of, The Enlightenment

2004-12-16T18:48:00.000-08:00

The industrial and commercial developments, already significant by themselves, were the cause, and perhaps also the effect, of a wider and still more momentous change preceding the Revolution—the Enlightenment. Today the Enlightenment can be understood as the conscious formulation of a profound cultural transformation. Epistemologically, the French Enlightenment

Tibet, Disunity, 9th to 14th century

2004-12-15T21:27:00.000-08:00

In the 9th century, Buddhist tradition records a contested succession, but there are many inconsistencies; contemporary Chinese histories indicate that Tibetan unity and strength were destroyed by rivalry between generals commanding the frontier armies. Early in the 9th century a scion of the old royal family migrated to western Tibet and founded successor

Fighter Aircraft

2004-12-12T08:30:00.000-08:00

Aircraft designed primarily to secure control of essential airspace by destroying enemy aircraft in combat. The opposition may consist of fighters of equal capability or of bombers carrying protective armament. For such purposes fighters must be capable of the highest possible performance in order to be able to outfly and outmaneuver opposing fighters. Above

Smith, Robert

2004-12-08T04:12:00.000-08:00

Smith, brother of Samuel Smith, the military hero, grew up in Baltimore. He graduated in 1781 from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), studied law, and became a prominent and prosperous Baltimore attorney. From 1793 to 1801 Smith was active in Maryland politics,

Furniture, Bathroom furniture and fixtures

2004-12-07T17:16:00.000-08:00

Bathrooms in large private homes were not unknown in the 18th century, and splendidly equipped marble bathrooms are still preserved in several European palaces and mansions. But not until the 19th century did bathrooms in private homes become more commonplace. Fixtures generally include a toilet, bidet, washbasin, bath, mirror, and shelves. In the 20th century the equipping

Kiswah

2004-12-04T22:38:00.000-08:00

Black brocade cloth that covers the most sacred shrine of Islam, the Ka'bah (q.v.) in Mecca. A new kiswah is made in Egypt every year and carried to Mecca by pilgrims. On it is embroidered in gold the Muslim profession of faith (shahadah) and a gold band of ornamental calligraphy carrying Qur'anic verses. Each year during the major pilgrimage (hajj), the kiswah is replaced with a white

Primate

2004-12-03T13:10:00.000-08:00

Traditionally, the order Primates was divided into Prosimii (the primitive primates: lemurs, lorises. and tarsiers) and Anthropoidea (the bigger-brained monkeys and apes, including humans). It is now known that one of the “prosimians,” the tarsier, is actually more closely related to the “anthropoids,” so the classification of the primates has had to be revised. The two suborders

Valerian

2004-12-02T18:14:00.000-08:00

Licinius Valerianus was consul under Severus Alexander (emperor 222–235) and played a leading role in inducing the Senate to risk support for Gordian I's rebellion against the emperor Maximinus (238). He may have been one of the 20 consulars who successfully defended Italy against the emperor. He is not again mentioned until the reign of Decius (emperor 249–251). Under

Madeira River

2004-12-01T10:51:00.000-08:00

Portuguese Rio Madeira, major tributary of the Amazon. It is formed by the junction of the Mamoré and Beni rivers at Villa Bella, Bolivia, and flows northward forming the border between Bolivia and Brazil for approximately 60 miles (100 km). After receiving the Rio Abunã, the Madeira meanders northeastward in Brazil through Rondônia and Amazonas states to its junction with the Amazon River, 90 miles

Stimulant

2004-11-30T10:33:00.000-08:00

The major stimulant

Epidermal Tooth

2004-11-30T06:31:00.000-08:00

Any of several hard, horny projections analogous to but not homologous with true teeth (see tooth). Epidermal teeth are found in the jawless fish (e.g., lampreys), on the edges of the jaws of tadpoles (larval frogs and toads), in the mouth of the platypus, where horny plates replace the true teeth before birth, and in sirenians (e.g., sea cows) accompanying true teeth.

Adam, Robert

2004-11-28T21:34:00.000-08:00

Toward the end of his life, Adam built the Register House (1772–92), Edinburgh, in which he

Ai

2004-11-27T00:15:00.000-08:00

Ancient Canaanite town destroyed by the Israelites under their leader Joshua (Joshua 7–8). Biblical references agree in locating Ai (Hebrew: ha-'Ay, “The Ruin”) just east of Bethel (modern Baytin in the West Bank). This would make it identical with the large early Bronze Age site now called At-Tall. Excavations there in 1933–35 by a French expedition uncovered a large temple and other remains

Wang Wei

2004-11-26T09:43:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Wang Wei, also called Wang Mo-ch'i one of the most famous men of arts and letters during one of the golden ages of Chinese cultural history. Wang Wei is popularly known as a model of humanistic education as expressed in poetry, music, and painting. In the 17th century, the writer on art Tung Ch'i-ch'ang (q.v.) established him as the founder of the revered Southern school of painter-poets,

War, Law Of

2004-11-25T20:01:00.000-08:00

That part of international law dealing with the inception, conduct, and termination of warfare. Its aim is to limit the suffering caused to combatants and, more particularly, to those who may be described as the victims of war—that is, noncombatant civilians and those no longer able to take part in hostilities. Thus, the wounded, the sick, the shipwrecked, and prisoners

Calendar, The structure of the calendar

2004-11-25T03:39:00.000-08:00

The Jewish calendar in use today is lunisolar, the years being solar and the months lunar, but it also allows for a week of seven days. Because the year exceeds 12 lunar months by about 11 days, a 13th month of 30 days is intercalated in the third, sixth, eighth, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19-year cycle. For practical purposes—e.g., for reckoning the commencement of the Sabbath—the day begins

Philippines, The downfall of Marcos and return of democratic government

2004-11-24T14:48:00.000-08:00

The assassination of Benigno Aquino as he returned to Manila in August 1983 was generally thought to have been the work of the military; it became the focal point of a renewed and more heavily supported opposition to Marcos' rule. By late 1985 Marcos, under mounting pressure both inside and outside the Philippines, called a snap presidential election for February 1986. Corazon

Arcturus

2004-11-23T13:53:00.000-08:00

Also called Alpha Boötis one of the five brightest stars in the night sky, and the brightest star in the northern constellation Boötes, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.00. It is an orange-coloured giant star about 40 light-years from the Earth. It lies in an almost direct line with the tail of Ursa Major (the Great Bear); hence its name, derived from the Greek words for “bear guard.”

Lentil

2004-11-21T09:19:00.000-08:00

(species Lens esculenta), small annual legume of the pea family (Leguminosae) and its lens-shaped edible seed, which is rich in protein and one of the most ancient of cultivated foods. Of unknown origin, the lentil is widely cultivated throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa but is little grown in the Western Hemisphere. The seeds are used chiefly in soups and the herbage

Fire!!

2004-11-18T16:47:00.000-08:00

The idea for the experimental, apolitical Negro literary journal was conceived in Washington, D.C., by poet Langston Hughes and writer and graphic artist Richard Nugent. The two, along with an editorial board comprising Zora

Prie-dieu

2004-11-16T06:15:00.000-08:00

First used by the higher clergy during religious services in the early European Middle Ages, the prie-dieu became popular in the 19th century

Reggio Nell'emilia

2004-11-14T00:11:00.000-08:00

Founded in the 2nd century BC on the Roman road Via Aemilia by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus as Regium Lepidi, it was later the seat of a Lombard duchy and then was ruled by its bishops. Under the protection of the

Jacob, Georges

2004-11-13T05:33:00.000-08:00

Born of a Burgundian peasant family, Jacob moved to Paris at 16 and is believed to have been apprenticed to Louis Delanois. He made chairs for Queen Marie-Antoinette

Saint Catherine's

2004-11-10T19:50:00.000-08:00

Greek Orthodox monastery situated on Mount Sinai more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level in a narrow valley north of Mount Musa in the Sinai peninsula. Often incorrectly called the Sinai Independent Greek Orthodox Church, the monastic foundation is the smallest of the autonomous churches that together constitute the Eastern Orthodox church. The abbot of the monastery,

Salaberry-de-valleyfield

2004-11-09T01:58:00.000-08:00

English Valleyfield city and port, Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It lies on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, at the east end of Lake Saint-François (St. Francis), which is a widening of the river. The settlement was built on a group of small islands in the river 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Montreal after a paper mill was established there in 1870. The abundant water and hydroelectric

Abedi Ayew Pelé

2004-11-06T07:27:00.000-08:00

Having been given the nickname "Pelé" in recognition of his superior

Arabian Sea

2004-11-05T10:15:00.000-08:00

Northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, covering a total area of about 1,491,000 square miles (3,862,000 square kilometres) and forming part of the principal sea route between Europe and India. It is bounded to the west by the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, to the north by Iran and Pakistan, to the east by India, and to the south by the remainder of the Indian Ocean. To the north the Gulf

Anatolian Languages, Hittite

2004-11-03T18:50:00.000-08:00

The Hittite language is known from the approximately 25,000 tablets or fragments of tablets preserved in the archives of Bogazköy-Hattusa, excavated by German archaeologists beginning in 1905. In Hittite cuneiform texts, the language is referred to as nesili (nasili) “language of Nesa,” or nesumnili “language of the Neshite.” Earlier Hittite linguistic material may be found in

Naber, John

2004-11-01T03:09:00.000-08:00

At the 1976 Olympics, Naber became the first swimmer to break the 2-minute barrier

Sorel

2004-10-30T22:42:00.000-07:00

City, Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It lies at the mouth of the Richelieu River, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River. Fort-Richelieu (marked by a monument) was erected on the site in 1642. In 1672 a land grant was obtained by the fort commandant, Pierre de Saurel (or Sorel), for whom the settlement was named. A parish was established in 1721. In 1787 the community was renamed

Macarius Magnes

2004-10-27T23:25:00.000-07:00

Of Macarius' origin and career, nothing is known except that he is probably identified with the bishop of Magnesia, later Manisa, Tur., who, at the Synod of the

Olympic Games, Montreal, Canada, 1976

2004-10-25T14:48:00.000-07:00

Despite producing 32 new world records and a host of memorable performances, the 1976 Games drew more attention to the apparent problems of the Olympic movement. Twenty-six nations, mostly from Africa, chose to boycott the Games when the IOC denied their request to ban New Zealand, whose national rugby team had recently toured South Africa. Taiwan also boycotted, when Canada,

Annelid, Circulatory system

2004-10-24T15:48:00.000-07:00

The circulatory system in the lower oligochaetes consists of a dorsal vessel that arises from a blood sinus or capillary network surrounding the intestine and conveys blood forward; a ventral vessel that conveys blood backward; and connective vessels between the two. The blood vessel walls consist of an outer membranous (peritoneal) layer containing muscle

Neoteros

2004-10-21T10:54:00.000-07:00

Plural Neoteroi, any of a group of poets who sought to break away from the didactic-patriotic tradition of Latin poetry by consciously emulating the forms and content of Alexandrian Greek models. The neoteroi deplored the excesses of alliteration and onomatopoeia and the ponderous metres that characterized the epics and didactic works of the Latin Ennian tradition. They wrote

Ankaratra

2004-10-20T20:03:00.000-07:00

Volcanic mountainous region in central Madagascar (Malagasy), covering an area of approximately 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km) and rising to 8,671 feet (2,643 m) in Mount Tsiafajavona, the nation's second highest peak. The main range runs south-southwest from the town of Antananarivo. Antsirabe (q.v.), situated on the slopes of Mount Tsiafajavona, is the principal town in the region.

Trafalgar Square

2004-10-18T05:45:00.000-07:00

Plaza in the City of Westminster, London, named for Lord Nelson's naval victory (1805) in the Battle of Trafalgar. Possibly the most famous of all London squares, Trafalgar Square has always been public and has had no garden. Seven major arteries pump automobiles around the great paved space, which is dominated by Nelson's Column (1839–43), a 185-foot- (56-metre-) high monument to Lord Nelson that

Alexander

2004-10-15T10:56:00.000-07:00

The second son of King Constantine (ruled 1913–17 and 1920–22) and Queen Sophia, Alexander became king (June 12, 1917) when his father was forced by the Allies of World War I to abdicate and thereby allow his country to join them in the war. Shortly after Alexander's accession to the throne, Eleuthérios Venizélos became premier of

Lop Nor

2004-10-13T18:05:00.000-07:00

The former lake, occupying roughly 770 square miles (2,000 square km) in the 1950s, ceased to exist by about 1970 upon completion of irrigation works

Castelnau, Michel De, Sieur (lord) De La Mauvissière

2004-10-12T02:10:00.000-07:00

As a young man, Castelnau served under local commanders in Piedmont and in Picardy. After the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), he entered the king's service and was sent on diplomatic missions in 1560 to England, Germany, Savoy, and Rome. After

Scandinavian Literature, Translations from Latin

2004-10-09T17:39:00.000-07:00

A quantity of secular literature was translated from Latin between the 12th and 14th centuries. The “Prophecies of Merlin,” already translated in verse by a Thingeyrar monk, were combined with a complete translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's history and titled Breta sögur (“Stories of the Britons”). In one 14th-century manuscript this was preceded by the Trójumanna saga (“Story

Jirásek, Alois

2004-10-07T13:31:00.000-07:00

Jirásek was a secondary-school teacher until his retirement in 1909. He wrote a series of historical novels imbued with faith in his nation and in progress toward freedom and justice.

Topology

2004-10-05T22:13:00.000-07:00

Offshoot of geometry that originated during the 19th century and that studies those properties an object retains under deformation—specifically, bending, stretching and squeezing, but not breaking or tearing. Thus, a triangle is topologically equivalent to a circle but not to a straight line segment. Similarly, a solid cube made of modeling clay could be deformed

Gympie

2004-10-04T15:44:00.000-07:00

City, southeastern Queensland, Australia, lying on Gympie Creek and the Mary River. It was first known as Nashville, after James Nash, who discovered gold there in 1867; its present name comes from gimpi-gimpi, the Aboriginal word for the stinging tree. Proclaimed a town in 1890, it was made a city in 1905. In addition to gold, which was mined until 1930, limestone and silver have been worked in

Daudet, Alphonse

2004-10-01T02:32:00.000-07:00

French short-story writer and novelist, now remembered chiefly as the author of sentimental tales of provincial life in the south of France.

Tyrwhitt, Thomas

2004-09-30T01:34:00.000-07:00

English scholar especially notable for his work on the medieval English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. In classical and English scholarship alike, Tyrwhitt showed the same qualities of balance, wide knowledge, and critical acumen. (He was the one man able, on linguistic grounds alone, to denounce as a forgery the poems by Thomas Chatterton purporting

Narodnik

2004-09-28T22:20:00.000-07:00

Plural Narodniki, or Narodniks, member of a 19th-century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the peasantry would lead to the awakening of the masses and, through their influence, to the liberalization of the tsarist regime. Because Russia was a predominantly agricultural country, the peasants represented the majority of the people (narod): hence the name of

Malabo

2004-09-26T13:47:00.000-07:00

Formerly (until 1973) Santa Isabel, capital of Equatorial Guinea. It lies on the northern edge of the island of Bioko (or Fernando Po) on the rim of a sunken volcano. With an average temperature of 77° F (25° C) and an annual rainfall of 75 inches (1,900 mm), it has one of the more onerous climates in the Bight of Biafra (Gulf of Guinea). Malabo is the republic's commercial and financial centre. Its harbour can dock several ships, and

Argentina, Transportation

2004-09-24T06:23:00.000-07:00

During the Spanish colonial period there were three principal overland transportation routes. The most important led from Buenos Aires to the wealthy mining centre in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) via the northwestern route through Córdoba, Santiago del Estero, San Miguel de Tucumán, and San Salvador de Jujuy. A second route linked Buenos Aires with Chile westward through

Armlet

2004-09-22T21:06:00.000-07:00

Several fine examples of armlets are included in the Oxus treasure, a collection of Persian

Arctic, Land transport

2004-09-19T19:25:00.000-07:00

Land transport is less well developed. The expense of building a road or railbed is generally prohibitive in an area with such low population and such great distances between centres. In the American north there is only one railway, the Alaska Railroad, which runs from the port of Seward on the south coast to Fairbanks in the interior. There are more roads, chief among

Bothriolepis

2004-09-17T20:17:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Bothryolepis, genus of extinct fishes of the order Antiarcha, class Placodermi, characteristic of the Middle and Late Devonian (from about 387 million to 360 million years ago). The front end of Bothriolepis was very heavily encased in bony armour. The eyes were located on top of the head shield and situated very close to the light-receptive pineal eye. The shield was separated into two parts,

Stanford University

2004-09-15T07:12:00.000-07:00

Official name Leland Stanford Junior University private coeducational institution of higher learning at Stanford, Calif., U.S. The university was founded in 1885 and opened in 1891 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford and his wife, Jane (née Lathrop), and was dedicated to their deceased only child, Leland, Jr. The doors were opened in 1891 to 559 students. The university campus consists largely of Stanford's former Palo Alto farm. The buildings,

Alencar, José (martiniano) De

2004-09-13T02:06:00.000-07:00

Journalist, novelist, and playwright whose novel O Guarani (1857; “The Guarani Indian”) initiated the vogue of the Brazilian Indianista novel (romantic tales of indigenous life incorporating vocabulary of Amerindian origin referring to flora, fauna, and tribal customs). O Guarani, which was subsequently utilized as the libretto

Oersted

2004-09-11T00:28:00.000-07:00

Unit of magnetic-field strength, in the centimetre-gram-second system of physical units. Named for the 19th-century Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, it is defined as the intensity of a magnetic field in a vacuum in which a unit magnetic pole (one that repels a similar pole at a distance of one centimetre with a force of one dyne) experiences a mechanical force of

Pisces

2004-09-10T10:16:00.000-07:00

(Latin: Fishes), in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying between Aries and Aquarius, at about 1 hour right ascension (the coordinate on the celestial sphere analogous to longitude on the Earth) and 15° north declination (angular distance north of the celestial equator). The vernal equinox, the point where the Sun's annual apparent path takes it north of the celestial

Baalat

2004-09-07T04:59:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Ba'alat or Ba'alath (from West Semitic ba'alat, “lady”), often used as a synonym for the special goddess of a region; also, the chief deity of Byblos. Very little is known of Baalat, “the Lady [of Byblos],” but, because of the close ties between Byblos and Egypt, she was often represented with a typically Egyptian hairstyle, headdress, and costume, and by the 12th dynasty (1991–1786 BC) she was equated with the Egyptian

La Follette, Robert M

2004-09-06T14:34:00.000-07:00

In 1897 La Follette began to advocate programs that local-level progressives had popularized during the legislative session a few months earlier. Following their lead, he demanded tax reform, corporation regulation, and political democracy. In particular, he promoted steeper railroad taxes and a direct primary. Elected governor on this platform in 1900, he was reelected

DearRun

Biofeedback

Andover

Ma'mun, Al-

Burano

Zizka, Jan, Count

Kaden-bandrowski, Juliusz

Kaden-bandrowski, Juliusz

China, Effects of the rebellions

France, History Of, The causes of the French Revolution

Tudor Style

Mauguin, Charles

Wagner, Richard

Ijssel River

Ear Disease, Ménière's disease

Defense Economics

Racine, Jean

Sa'adia Ben Joseph

Mormon

France, History Of, The Jacobin dictatorship

Nahmanides

Polevskoy

John Of The Cross, Saint

Augustus Ii

Pollaiuolo, Antonio Del And Piero Del

Production System

Sacasa, Juan Bautista

Fabricius, Johannes

Arriaga, Juan Crisóstomo

Indian Ocean, Trenches

Francia

Rio Branco Law

Spondylolisthesis

La Rioja

Athelstan

Sea Pen

Performing Arts, Nontheatrical Films.

Sa'adia Ben Joseph

Hale, Horatio (emmons)

Tyndall, John

Prix Renaudot

Murdock, George P(eter)

Endoderm

iauliai

France, History Of, The Enlightenment

Tibet, Disunity, 9th to 14th century

Fighter Aircraft

Smith, Robert

Furniture, Bathroom furniture and fixtures

Kiswah

Primate

Valerian

Madeira River

Stimulant

Epidermal Tooth

Adam, Robert

Ai

Wang Wei

War, Law Of

Calendar, The structure of the calendar

Philippines, The downfall of Marcos and return of democratic government

Arcturus

Lentil

Fire!!

Prie-dieu

Reggio Nell'emilia

Jacob, Georges

Saint Catherine's

Salaberry-de-valleyfield

Abedi Ayew Pelé

Arabian Sea

Anatolian Languages, Hittite

Naber, John

Sorel

Macarius Magnes

Olympic Games, Montreal, Canada, 1976

Annelid, Circulatory system

Neoteros

Ankaratra

Trafalgar Square

iauliai